Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is an important document that protects every citizen’s rights as an American. It is important because it gives all Americans various rights that allow them to live as free people.

Some historians believe that the Magna Carta partly inspired the Bill of Rights in England. In 1215, King John of England taxed the church in England and his loyal barons to raise funds for the Crusades and other failed wars and to defend his land holdings in Normandy on the European continent (in what is now France). In January of 1215, a group of barons ruled by King John met and decided to act not just to replace King John but to limit the power of the English monarch, whoever that might be.

King John and his barons agreed to the Magna Carta. The Archbishop of Canterbury first wrote it, ultimately leading to the formation of the British Parliament. It also placed limits on the absolute power of the monarchy. Among other provisions, it stated that “[n]o free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by the legal judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.”

In this statement, we can see the seeds of several rights guaranteed to Americans in the Bill of Rights, which comprise the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. For example, the Fourth Amendment states that the government cannot unreasonably seize a person or their property without a warrant.

Additionally, a judge can only issue a warrant for arrest if law enforcement presents evidence to show probable cause. Likewise, a search warrant can only be issued based on probable cause, supported by evidence and describing the place to be searched and the people or things to be seized.

These are arguably among the most important provisions of the U.S. Bill of Rights. They guarantee the right of Americans to live free of government, and especially law enforcement, involvement in their lives unless law enforcement has a warrant issued by a judge. A judge may only issue a warrant if they have enough evidence to establish probable cause to believe the person has committed a crime. Of course, there are some limited exceptions to the warrant requirement.

The Bill of Rights guarantees several of our most significant basic rights, and they have binding legal effects on Congress and the federal government’s Executive Branch. If a law conflicts with the limitations imposed by the Bill of Rights, the U.S. Supreme Court can void it.

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Twelve amendments were presented to the 13 states that existed when the Bill of Rights was adopted. The legislatures of the states approved 10 of them, with ratification by Virginia in 1791 making it final.

Subsequent amendments were added later. The 10 amendments of the Bill of Rights were added because many people believed that the Constitution, as it existed before the Bill of Rights was added, would have allowed the government to operate autocratically and that more protections for the rights of individuals were needed.

It is also important to remember that each state in the U.S. also has a state constitution. When constitutional rights are at issue, the state’s constitution in which a person lives might also play a role. Many of the same rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights are affirmed in state constitutions.

What Is in the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Rights contains several different provisions, referred to as “amendments,” that establish citizens’ basic rights and freedoms. Many of these contain principles that later influenced the formation of other laws and statutes. The amendments also contain various protections related to legal processes, e.g., trials.

The main points of the 10 amendments in the Bill of Rights can be summarized as follows:

• The First Amendment: The First Amendment states that Congress cannot make any laws that prevent the free exercise of religion, freedom of the press and speech, or the right of the people to assemble peacefully and petition the government to address their grievances.
  • In America, the First Amendment guarantees that the government cannot act to impede a person’s right to speak freely, choose their religion or choose not to have a religion, assemble peacefully, publish freely, and petition the government to address their complaints. In addition, the First Amendment states the government may not establish a religion;
• The Second Amendment: Of course, the exact meaning of the Second Amendment has been the subject of controversy in the recent past. It states as follows: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed;”
• The Third Amendment: Whether in peacetime or wartime, a military member cannot be housed in a citizen’s home without the owner’s consent. Homeowners cannot be forced to feed and house soldiers. Of course, all branches of the military today are provided for by the federal government, and it is unthinkable that a person would be asked personally to provide for a member of the military;
• The Fourth Amendment: There shall not be any violation of the people’s right to be safe in their houses against unreasonable searches and seizures. The government has no right to take a person’s possessions without a valid warrant or good reason, i.e., some well-established exception to the warrant requirement;
• Fifth Amendment: A grand jury must indict a person for a federal criminal offense with certain limited exceptions not relevant here. The Fifth Amendment also protects people from being tried twice for the same crime if they are found not guilty in the first trial. (If a criminal trial results in a hung jury, the defendant can be tried again.) In addition, if the government takes a person’s private property, the government must compensate the person.
  • In addition, a person cannot be forced to testify if they might incriminate themselves by doing so. A person has a right to remain silent. Yet another significant right in the Fifth Amendment is the right to due process of law. A person cannot be deprived of their life, property, or liberty without due process of law and in an arbitrary way. Essentially, this means that the government cannot detain a person or take their life or their property without first engaging in some kind of fair legal process;
• The Sixth Amendment: A person accused of a crime has a right to a jury trial that happens speedily and is public. A person has a right to confront the witnesses against them. They also have a right to be represented by an attorney, and if they cannot afford to hire one, the government has to provide one at the government’s expense;
• Seventh Amendment: In cases where the amount in controversy in a civil case is more than $20, there is a right to a trial by jury in a federal civil court;
• Eighth Amendment: There shall not be a requirement for excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment, or excessive fines imposed on a defendant in a criminal trial. This amendment requires that all trials be fair;
• Ninth Amendment: For those not specifically included in the Bill of Rights, it does not mean they can be violated.
• The Tenth Amendment: All powers that the U.S. Constitution does not delegate to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.

What Are Some Common Legal Issues or Disputes Connected with the Bill of Rights?

As mentioned, the Bill of Rights has influenced many laws and legal controversies. Some common legal issues related to the amendments in the Bill of Rights include the following:

• Freedom of Speech: Many of the freedoms we enjoy today concerning speech were first laid down in the Bill of Rights. This includes freedoms associated with the press and the right to express oneself without fear of persecution by the government. Of course, other entities might limit a person’s freedom to speak, e.g., an employer. But the federal government cannot;
• Gun Rights: The right to bear arms has been the subject of much controversy in recent years. While the Second Amendment refers to a well-regulated militia, federal courts have ruled that every citizen, whether in a militia or not, has a right to have a firearm;
• Right to an Attorney: In any criminal trial, the defendant, the person charged with a crime, has the right to be represented by an attorney, as well as the right to have that attorney present at trial. In most cases, if the person cannot afford an attorney, the state will provide them with one at no cost. Again, this type of procedural protection is rooted directly in the Bill of Rights;
• The Right to Remain Silent: The right to remain silent is at issue every time law enforcement questions a criminal suspect. A person has a right to remain silent when questioned by law enforcement. It is also important in court trials, both civil and criminal. A person does not have to testify if doing so would incriminate the person;
• Requirement that Law Enforcement Obtain an Arrest or Search Warrant: The Fourth Amendment is a real workhorse of the Bill of Rights. It has an impact on the activities of law enforcement every day. It requires law enforcement to get a warrant to arrest a person.
  • To get a warrant, an officer must present evidence to a judge to show that there is probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed a crime. The police must first get a search warrant to search a person’s home, business, or any other place. To get a warrant, again, an officer must present evidence to a judge to show probable cause to believe that law enforcement will find evidence related to a crime in the place.
  • The warrant must specifically describe the place to be searched, and only that place described in the warrant can be lawfully searched. The warrant must specifically describe the items to be seized if they are found. The police cannot take items other than those specified in the warrant.
  • There are exceptions to the warrant requirement, but basically, the Fourth Amendment is why American citizens can live free of encounters with law enforcement in the course of going about their lawful business and free of government interference in their lawful affairs;
• The Right to Due Process of Law: The right to due process of law is pervasive in our legal system, even though we may not be aware of it daily. It significantly controls government power and generally prevents government officials from acting arbitrarily and unfairly.

Should I Hire a Lawyer if I Need Help with My Constitutional Rights?

If you have any legal questions or feel that your constitutional rights have been violated in any way, you may need to seek legal recourse. A government law attorney in your area can provide legal advice and representation and ensure your rights are secured.

Also, be prepared to contact public organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), as they often take on civil rights violations and advocate for people whose civil rights have been denied.

If you feel that your rights have been violated in connection with a criminal case, you want to consult a criminal defense attorney. A criminal defense attorney is best prepared to protect the various rights accorded to criminal defendants in the courts.